Cartilage degeneration in KOA is caused by the destruction of the dynamic balance of chondrocytes caused by activation based on other different aspects, in which the matrix degrades enzyme production and exceeds the ability of chondrocytes to secrete matrix components ( Pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis Among the various structures that make up the knee joint, damage to hyaline articular cartilage is the main cause of osteoarthritis
Abbreviations 2-DG: 2-Deoxy-d-glucose -KG: -Ketoglutarate Akt: Serine/threonine protein kinase bFLS: Bovine fibroblast-like synoviocyte BW: Body weight CCL-2: Chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2 COX-2: Cyclooxygenase 2 CXCL-10: CXC motif chemokine ligand 10 DCA: Dichloroacetate DExSI: Data Extraction for Stable Isotope-labeled metabolites DMEM/F12: Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium/Nutrient Mixture F12 DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide DTT: Dithiothreitol EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EGTA: Ethylene glycol-bis(-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid FAMEs: Fatty acid methyl esters FBS: Fetal bovine serum GC/MS: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry GLUT1: Glucose transporter 1 HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 HK2: Hexokinase-2 HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography IL-6: Interleukin-6 IL-8: Interleukin-8 iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase LDHA: Lactate dehydrogenase subunit A LPS: Lipopolysaccharide MIDs: Mass isotopologue distributions MSTFA: N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide NF-B: Nuclear factor-kappa B NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation PBS: Phosphate buffer solution PDK1: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 PFKFB: Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase PGE2: Prostaglandin E2 PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases PMSF: Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride pNPP: P-nitrophenyl phosphate RA: Rheumatoid arthritis RA-FLS: Rheumatoid Arthritis-Fibroblast-like synoviocyte RI: Retention index RPS9: 40S ribosomal protein S9 SDS-PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis TBS/T: Tris-buffered saline with Tween TCA: Tricarboxylic acid TMB: Tetramethylbenzidine TMCS: Trimethylchlorosilane TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha References Desrochers, A
Now for the long answer
Bucolo C, Fidilio A, Platania CBM, Geraci F, Lazzara F, Drago F
At the same time, this review discusses the potential therapeutic strategies targeting amino acid metabolism and their translational challenges
