The association between smoking and MASLD is underpinned by shared pathological mechanisms, particularly insulin resistance and visceral fat accumulation, which are central to the metabolic syndrome (MetS)
Smoking also: These injurious mechanisms make smoking a major risk factor for every form of CVD, from atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) to coronary heart disease, stroke, and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
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The patients self-reported history of tobacco smoking and alcohol use was explained by tumor site, age, sex, tumor size, and lymph node status in a logistic regression model
The higher the score, the more severe the withdrawal symptoms and the more difficult it may be to quit smoking