Nicotine can increase heart rate and blood pressure, though studies that evaluated nicotine patches or other nicotine replacement devices have not shown an increase in cardiovascular risks
ASDR r = 0.49, p = 0.0047) (Figures 4A,B)
But they have other heart-healthy benefits, including reducing blood pressure
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These include: Acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone) Natural butter extracts Plant-based flavouring compounds Fermentation-derived flavour molecules However, it's worth noting that some of these alternatives, particularly acetoin, can metabolise into diacetyl under certain conditions, prompting ongoing research into even safer options