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Chronic exposure to this smoke causes metaplastic alterations to the respiratory mucosa with an increase in the number and size of goblet cells and consequent increase in upper airway secretion.17,18 Cohen et al.13 and Kreindler et al.19 also showed in vitro that exposure to cigarette smoke inhibits chloride transport in epithelial cells, causing physiological alterations similar to those found in patients with cystic fibrosis

These long-term consequences underscore the severity of the impact of smoking on lung health

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However, evidence suggests that hookahs may be even more damaging to health than cigarettes are, he said

Ask the other children what they can do to help the child receive it