Each COA documents component identity by HPLC and mass spectrometry, purity per component (typically 99%), and, where applicable, sterility and endotoxin testing, plus lot-specific storage guidance
Addition of R-lipoic acid increases ATP synthesis and aortic blood flow during reoxygenation after hypoxia while S-lipoic acid had no effect on ATP synthesis and improved blood flow at only 10-fold the effective dose of R-lipoic
IGF-1 infusion to fetal sheep increases organ growth but not by stimulating nutrient transfer to the fetus
Insulin is usually obtained from local sources (e.g., friends, training partners, gym member/dealer) or from community pharmacies where it is available without a prescription (Evans and Lynch, 2003, Elkin, Brady and Williams, 1997)
Eur J Endocrinol 156, 341-51 (2007)