While not risk-free, because they contain nicotine which is addictive, the new generation of smokeless tobacco and vaping products are considered a much better alternative than continuing to smoke
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The DOT PRO range is a great option for new vapers or those making the switch from disposables
To investigate the sources of heterogeneity, we performed subgroup analyses based on different criteria, including country income categories (HICs versus LMICs), policy implementation time (pre-2008 versus post-2008, following the introduction of the World Health Organizations MPOWER package in 2008) and policy evaluation timing relative to its introduction (within 15 months versus more than 16 months, using the median value)