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These findings highlight the importance of considering the broader effects of smoking on male reproductive health beyond testosterone levels

Among the 36 outcomes, there are 5 that have a 5-star association with current smoking: laryngeal cancer (375% increase in risk based on the BPRF, 1.56 ROS), aortic aneurysm (150%, 0.92), peripheral artery disease (137%, 0.86), lung cancer (107%, 0.73) and other pharynx cancer (excluding nasopharynx cancer) (92%, 0.65)

doi:10.1037/0278-6133.12.5.399

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It is a recognized clinical condition, classified under substance withdrawal in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition), the standard diagnostic framework used by clinicians worldwide