For example, vitamin C, through its antioxidant properties, can neutralize free radicals through different mechanisms including the elimination of free radicals and reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, the down-regulation of enzymes producing free radicals, and the modulation of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor and Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-B), which are important mediators in oxidative stress (44)
Through conjugation reactions, glutathione binds to toxins, drugs, and metabolic byproducts, transforming them from fat-soluble compounds that accumulate in tissues into water-soluble forms that can be easily eliminated through urine and bile
Glutathione is a tri-peptide (L-g-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) that acts as both reducing agent and capping agent, which assemble on the surface of AuNCs via a stable gold-thiol linkage (from cysteine) and imparts the nanoclusters with a net negative surface charge (zeta potential = 32 4.2 mV, pH = 7.5) due to the presence of terminal carboxylic acid functional groups (sketch depicting the assembly of glutathione molecules on GSH-AuNCs and the chemical structure of glutathione peptide is shown in Fig
Cellular Dysregulation: since MOTS-c affects fundamental metabolic processes, unintended consequences could occur if dosing is uncontrolled
Studies demonstrate rapid systemic uptake and targeted activity at endothelial and fibroblastic levels, implicating it in nitric oxide modulation, collagen synthesis, and vascular repair
