The study, commissioned by the UK government, found that each cigarette smoked reduces a person's life expectancy by an average of 20 minutes, a figure significantly higher than previous estimates of 11 minutes per cigarette
New York, NY: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute Wirshing WC, Engle J, Levin E, et al (1989): The acute effects of smoking on tardive dyskinesia
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In upper secondary schools, only approximately 1 to 2 percent of the students smoke
Like traditional cigarette smoking, water pipe smoking harms cardiovascular and respiratory health by increasing blood pressure, decreasing immunity, and raising the risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease